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LP97

Group: Mount Camel Landcare Group	Australian Soil Classification: Vertic (and Calcic), Mottled-Mesonatric, Brown SODOSOL
Northcote Factual Key: Dy 3.43	Great Soil Group: red-brown earth
General Landscape Description: Lower slope (5%) on an undulating low hill (Cambrian to lower Ordovician sediments).

LP97 Landscape

Soil Profile Morphology

Surface Soil

A1	0-10 cm	Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3); sandy clay loam; hardsetting surface condition; weak coarse blocky structure; very firm consistence dry; contains a common (15%) amount of ironstone, quartz and jasper gravel (5 mm average size); pH 6; abrupt change to;	LP97 profile
A2	10-15 cm	Yellowish red (5YR5/6) conspicuously bleached (5YR7/3); sandy clay loam; discontinuous along soil pit; massive; strong consistence dry; contains many (25%) angular quartz, jasper and ironstone gravels (5 mm average size); pH 6.8; sharp change to;
Subsoil
B21	15-50 cm	Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) with strong brown (7.5YR5/6) mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate coarse blocky structure; very firm consistence moderately moist; contains a few (5%) gravels (average size 8 mm); small slickensides present; pH 7.9; gradual change to;
B22	50-80 cm	Strong brown (7.5YR5/6); medium clay; weak to moderate coarse blocky structure; very strong consistence dry; pH 8.7; clear change to;
B31k	80-110 cm	Light brownish grey (2.5Y6/2) with light olive brown (2.5Y5/4), yellowish red (5YR5/8) and brownish yellow (10YR6/6) mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate medium polyhedral, parting to moderate fine polyhedral structure; contains a few (5%) fine-earth carbonates in patches and a common (10-20%) amount of angular quartz (4 mm), ironstone (4 cm) and mudstone (10-20 mm) gravel; pH 9.0.

Key Profile Features

• Strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons (<17% clay) and subsoil (B21) horizon (48% clay).
• Coarsely structured, strongly sodic subsoil.
• Deeper subsoil displays vertic properties and contains free carbonate (lime).

Key Profile Characteristics

	pH	Salinity Rating	Sodicity	Dispersion
Surface (A1 horizon)	moderately acid	very low	non-sodic	none1
Subsoil (25-45 horizon)	slightly alkaline	low	strongly sodic	strong
Deeper subsoil (1 m)	strongly alkaline	medium	strongly sodic	none2
1 slight dispersion with remoulding 2 possibly due to medium level of soluble salts.

Horizon	Horizon Depth	pH (water)	pH CaCl2	EC 1:5	NaCl	Exchangeable Cations
						Ca	Mg	K	Na
						meq/100g
A1	0-10	6	5	<0.05		4	2.1	0.5	0.3
A2	10-15	6.8	5.6	<0.05		2.4	2.3	0.2	0.4
B21	15-50	7.9	6.8	0.33	<0.05	5.2	14	0.7	3.8
B22	50-80	8.7	8.2	1.0	0.18	7	19	0.7	7.4
B31k	80-110	9	8.4	0.81	0.09	14	17	0.7	6

Horizon	Horizon Depth	Ex Al mg/kg	Ex Ac meq/100g	Field pF2.5	Wilting Point pF4.2	Coarse Sand (0.2-2.0mm)	Fine Sand (0.02-0.2mm)	Silt (0.002-0.02mm)	Clay (<0.002mm)
A1	0-5			18.9	6.2	18	48	15	17
A2	5-25			12.7	4.6	23	49	15	15
B21	25-45			31.6	17.2	14	27	11	48
B22	45-55
C	55

Management Considerations:

In general, management strategies for all soils should aim to increase organic matter levels in the surface soil; minimise the degradation of soil aggregates and porosity; promote the development of stable biopores; improve the calcium status of the ion exchange complex (particularly when sodium is a significant part – i.e. sodic), and break up any hardpans. Less frequent tillage; using less aggressive implements, and working the soil at optimum moisture conditions can all assist in maintaining soil aggregation and porosity as well as reducing the breakdown of organic matter. Practices such as residue retention, minimum tillage and including pasture rotations could be utilised if cropping takes place in order to build up organic matter, reduce erosion risk and increase fertility.

Plant available water capacity (PAWC) is considered to be low (estimated at 70 mm). This is based on available laboratory data an assumes an effective rooting depth of 40 cm. Rooting depth will be limited by the strongly sodic and dispersive upper subsoil.

Notes:

• Profile described by Mark Imhof, Paul Rampant and Karen De Plater (29/11/95.)