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GP63

Location: Heyfield.	Australian Soil Classification: Vertic, Mesonatric, Brown SODOSOL.
Great Soil Group: Solodised solonetz.	Geology: Mid Pleistocene terrace.
General Landscape Description: Level plain.	Mapping Unit: Stratford.
Site Description: Grazing paddock.	Native Vegetation: Original vegetation included forest red gum (E. tereticornis).

Site GP63 Landscape

Soil Profile Morphology:

Surface Soil

A1	0-2 cm	Dark brown (10YR3/3); fine sandy loam; pH 5.4; sharp change to:	Site GP63 Profile Note: Columnar structure in upper B horizon with associated bleached capping.
A21	2-10 cm	Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); conspicuously bleached (7.5YR7/2d); fine sandy loam; massive structure; very firm consistence dry; pH 6.0; clear and wavy change to:
A22	10-15 cm	Pale Brown (10YR6/3); conspicuously bleached (10YR8/1d); fine sandy loam; massive very firm consistence dry; sharp change to:
Subsoil
B1	15-25cm	Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) with a few (<10%) light yellowish brown (10YR5/8) mottles; light clay; moderate coarse columnar and prismatic, parting to strong coarse blocky structure; strong consistence dry; contains few (2%) sub-rounded manganese segregations (2-6 mm in size) as well as a few (<2%) quartz fragments (2-6 mm in size); pH 6.8; gradual change to:
B21	25-50 cm	Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) with a few (<10%) light yellowish brown (10YR5/8) mottles; medium clay; moderate coarse columnar and prismatic, parting to strong coarse blocky structure; strong consistence dry; contains a few (2-5%) sub-rounded manganese segregations (2-6 mm in size); pH 7.2; gradual change to:
B22	50-90 cm	Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); medium clay; moderate coarse prismatic, parting to strong coarse blocky structure; very firm consistence moist; contains a few (2%) sub-rounded manganese segregations (2-6 mm in size); pH 7.6; gradual change to:
B23	90+ cm	Light olive brown (2.5Y5/6); light clay; some lenticular structure and slickensides evident; very firm consistence moist; pH 7.9.

Key Profile Features:

• Strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and upper subsoil (B21) horizon.
• Conspicuously bleached subsurface (A2) horizons.
• Columnar structure in upper subsoil.
• Vertic properties present within the deeper subsoil (i.e. slickensides and lenticular structure).

Soil Profile Characteristics:

Horizon	pH	Salinity Rating	Sodicity	Dispersion
Surface (A1 horizon)	Strongly Acid	Moderate	Non-sodic	None
Subsoil (B21 horizon)	Slightly Alkaline	Low	Strongly Sodic	Complete
Deeper subsoil (at 90 cm)	Slightly Alkaline	Moderate	Strongly Sodic	Complete

	The surface soil is strongly acid. The subsoil is slightly alkaline.		The surface soil is non-sodic. he subsoil is strongly sodic throughout.
	The surface salinity rating is moderate. The subsoil rating is low becoming moderate at depth.		The clay content increases sharply at 25 cm depth.

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	pH (water)	pH (CaCl2)	EC 1:5	NaCl	Exchangeable Cations
						Ca	Mg	K	Na
						meq/100g
A1	0-2	5.4	4.8	0.26	<0.03	9.3	1.9	0.7	0.2
A21	2-10	6	5.3	0.18		4.7	1	0.17	0.51
A22	10-15
B1	15-25	6.8	5.9	0.12		2.8	3	0.11	.073
B21	25-50	7.2	6.3	0.22		3	7.9	0.2	2
B22	50-90	7.6	6.7	0.41	0.08	0.9	7	0.2	2.7
B23	90+	7.9	7.1	0.55	0.1	0.8	8	0.2	3.4

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	Exchangeable Aluminium mg/kg	Exchangeable Acidity meq/100g	Field Capacity pF2.5	Wilting Point pF4.2	Coarse Sand (0.2-2.0 mm)	Fine Sand (0.02-0.2 mm)	Silt (0.002-0.02 mm)	Clay (<0.002 mm)
A1	0-2	<10	12		13.2
A21	2-10	<10	3.1		5.7	7	41	34	13
A22	10-15
B1	15-25				6.9	9	37	32	21
B21	25-50				15.2	6	23	27	44
B22	50-90				13	8	29	27	37
B23	90+				14.8	4	23	30	42

Management Considerations:

Whole Profile

• Plant Available Water Capacity (PAWC) is considered to be very low (estimated at 20 mm) for this soil profile. This is based on an estimated effective rooting depth of 15 cm (i.e. surface horizons). The dense and coarsely structured upper subsoil is likely to significantly restrict rooting depth. PAWC has been estimated using a model developed by Littleboy (1995) which uses analytical data for clay %, silt %, fine sand %, coarse sand % and wilting point.

Surface (A) Horizons

• The shallow surface soil is strongly acid. This indicates that aluminium and manganese toxicity could occur. However, the level of exchangeable aluminium measured for this pit site is quite low (<10 mg/kg) and unlikely to restrict the growth of aluminium sensitive species. Lime can be used to increase soil pH but it should be noted that a pH/aluminium test is best performed from samples taken across the paddock and bulked together. Other factors also need to be considered before lime is recommended (e.g. pasture species grown, method of application, local trial responses, soil surface structure and likely cost/benefit).
• Deficiencies in molybdenum and phosphorus may occur in the strongly acid surface soil. Manganese toxicity may also occur particularly when poorly drained (as waterlogging may bring manganese into solution).
• The surface (A1) horizon has a moderate nutrient holding capacity (based on the sum of the exchangeable calcium, magnesium and potassium cations). Organic matter is important for enhancing soil fertility, water holding capacity and soil structural condition. This is important at this site where only a shallow surface horizon overlays a bleached subsurface horizon of low fertility.
• The presence of bleaching in the subsurface (A2) horizon indicates that periodic waterlogging occurs above the more slowly permeable subsoil. This horizon will become ‘spewy’ when waterlogged.

Subsoil (B) Horizons

The dense and coarsely structured upper subsoil is strongly sodic and has a low calcium to magnesium ratio (0.4). Complete dispersion occurs as a result, and root and water movement is likely to be significantly restricted. The upper subsoil also has coarse columnar structure, which will provide a physical barrier to root movement. Deep ripping with gypsum application, has been advocated by some researchers as an effective ameliorating technique for sodic subsoils. However, the use of gypsum may not be economically viable. Any deep ripping should not be carried out when the subsoil is in a moist to wet condition.

• The presence of mottling throughout the subsoil indicates imperfect drainage.
• The level of soluble salts below 90 cm depth becomes moderate but is only likely to affect deep rooted salt sensitive species.
• The deeper subsoil displays vertic properties (i.e. slickensides and lenticular structure). This indicates that significant shrinking and swelling occurs during wetting and drying cycles. This may have some engineering implications (e.g. disturbance to fence lines).

Profile Described By: Mark Imhof, David Rees and Ian Sargeant (21/04/1998).